Background: Accurate decision-making in triage requires continuous education, so triage nurses should receive annual refresher courses. Identifying the most effective method can make the provision of practical education to triage staff in hospitals possible. This review was conducted with the aim to determine the effectiveness of triage education methods in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review on educational intervention studies, international and Iranian medical sciences databases were searched using a defined search strategy compatible with each database. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID, Islamic Science Center (ISC), and IranDoc databases were searched for literature published from January 2010 to January 2020. The MeSH terms of “health care staff,” “triage,” “education,” and “Iran” in English and Persian were combined to develop a search strategy. Initially, 768 article titles were retrieved. Finally, 16 articles were selected for the review. Results: All conducted studies were quasi-experimental. Half of the studies had used a face-to-face approach for education (workshop, lecture, and simulation), and four studies had used lectures and pamphlets. All studies (except 1) reported that their educational intervention significantly improved nursing knowledge on triage. Conclusions: Almost all studies had reported the effectiveness of an educational intervention in improving nurses' triage knowledge. However, it seems that the non-face-to-face method is superior to the face-to-face method because of its learner-centeredness and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, providing educational content using a blended learning approach (simulation and games) can enhance the effectiveness of triage education.

Background: Healthcare is changing from a focus on acute care health issues to one of managing chronic conditions. This change has resulted in the development of home health-care systems as a way of managing chronic conditions outside the hospital. The aim of this study was to analyze the concept of home healthcare using a hybrid model. Materials and Methods: This hybrid concept analysis consisted of three phases: theoretical, fieldwork, and analytical. Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, and Scopus were searched with related terms in the theoretical phase. In the fieldwork phase, six professionals with experience in home healthcare were interviewed and after each interview, qualitative content analysis was conducted. During the final phase, descriptions and themes from the first two phases were combined. Results: In the theoretical phase, the definition of home healthcare included descriptions answering the Who, What, When, Where, and Why questions. In the fieldwork phase, the results were divided into three areas: 1-comprehensive care; 2-extent of services; and 3-outcomes. The final analysis phase of this study indicated that the home health-care concept is a comprehensive, professional, and holistic care system accompanied by medical services and professionals whose goals are to support an individual's health and provide care in their home. Healthcare provided in one's home was found to preserve a patient's dignity and reduce health-care costs. Conclusions: The definition of the home healthcare concept establishes a foundation for developing a comprehensive home health-care system. This concept analysis for home healthcare could be a guide for future studies.

Background: Clinical education is a vital factor in the process of learning in medical sciences universities. The aim of the present study was to explore the perspectives of fieldwork educators and students concerning barriers to occupational therapy fieldwork education in Iran. Materials and Methods: A qualitative research was conducted from May 2019 to April 2020 to address the study objectives. The data analysis was performed using conventional content analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman's approach. Purposive sampling was used to enroll 12 educators and 14 students of various backgrounds (physical disabilities-adult, physical disabilities-pediatrics, psychosocial-adult, and psychosocial-pediatrics) in the study. Results: The findings indicated that the main themes were related to fieldwork educators, fieldwork settings, educational planning, students, and educational regulation. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the perspectives of students and occupational therapy educators regarding the field of clinical education are not only important but also useful for the attainment of effective clinical education and the development of knowledge related to rehabilitation nursing education. Therefore, educational planners should develop effective programs based on these themes.

Background: No instrument specifically designed to investigate the caring self-efficacy of nurses in pediatric wards was found. The aim of the present study was therefore to develop a scale to evaluate pediatric wards nurse's caring self-efficacy. Materials and Methods: In this study, an exploratory, sequential, mixed method was used in 2015 in Iran. Data collected from 27 semi-structured interviews with nurses in pediatric wards were analyzed using conventional content analysis. The initial version of the scale was obtained with 65 items. Face validity was determined using impact score and content validity using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). The construct validity of the scale was investigated using exploratory factor analysis with 305 nurses in pediatric wards. The concurrent validity of the scale was acquired using the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were also examined. Results: The scale-CVI (S-CVI) (average) was 0.85. The 14 items with a CVR and CVI of less than 0.51 and 0.70, respectively, were deleted and the final 51-item scale was approved. All 51 items had good impact score (>1.50). In the final scale, four subscales were extracted using construct validity. The concurrent validity of the scale was also obtained (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). The total Cronbach's α correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.96 and test–retest reliability was 0.98. Conclusions: The Pediatric Ward Nurses' Caring Self-Efficacy (PWNCSE) scale developed in this study is a practical, reliable, and valid scale to evaluate pediatric ward nurses' caring self-efficacy.

Background: Increasing of hospitalization rates of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) management have created major challenge for the health system. Poor adherence to treatment is one of the main reasons for treatment failure, prolongation of treatment, and increase care costs. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of educational intervention based on Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) on adherence in patients with CAD. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was held in an educational hospital in Isfahan, Iran, February 2018–May 2019. Data were collected from 64 patients with CAD, before, 1 and 3 months after the intervention. The instrument used included treatment adherence questionnaire and a checklist Pender's HPM. The study group received dietary, exercise, and medication education based on Pender's HPM in four sessions which were held in 4 weeks. The control group received the routine educational program of the hospital. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated measures ANOVA, independent t, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney tests via SPSS software. Results: The mean score of treatment adherence was significantly different between two groups in one (z = 5.28, df = 2, p < 0.001) and three (z = 4.51, df = 2, p < 0.001) months after the intervention. The mean (SD) of treatment adherence in the study group was 139.82 (27.44) 3 months after the intervention. Conclusions: Educational intervention based on Pender's HPM is more effective on treatment adherence than the routine method in the patients with CAD. It is recommended to integrate the Pender's HPM as a nursing care program for these patients.

Background: Parent–adolescent dialog on sexual issues reduces high-risk sexual behavior in adolescents. However, many adolescents are deprived of such training. Several factors may affect the sexual dialog between parents and adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with mother–adolescent daughter dialog on sexual health matters in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 363 female adolescents aged 14-18 years in Ahvaz-Iran, between June 2015 and January 2016. Data collection was conducted utilizing multi-stage cluster sampling in high schools using the Parent–adolescent sexual dialog questionnaire and the parent–adolescent general dialogue questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed using content and face validity and their reliability was confirmed through internal consistency. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, independent one-sample and two-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Post-HOC (Duncan) test. Results: The mean score of mother–daughter sexual dialog had a significant relationship with mother's education (F = 4.03, p > 0.003), adolescent's major (F = 4.48, p < 0.004), mother–daughter general communication (p < 0.001), and emotional relationship with parents (F = 6.47, p < 0.002). The more is the mother–daughter general communication, the more will be their sexual communication (p < 0.001). There was no relationship between the score of mother–daughter sexual communication and the age of mother or adolescent, parents' job, parents' marital status, and having sisters (p = 0.86). Conclusions: Some demographic characteristics of parents and adolescents, and the parent–adolescent emotional relationship can affect the communication between them about sexual issues. So efforts to enhance this communication should consider these factors as mediator variables.

Background: The loss of female organs leads to profound changes in one's perception of oneself. There is limited information about the impact of hysterectomy on women's self-concept and culture. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to deepen our understanding of the self-concept of Iranian women after hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using directed content analysis approach. The participants included 30 women with a history of hysterectomy who were selected through purposive sampling method. Data were collected from August 2018 to November 2019 using in-depth and semi-structured interviews based on the self-concept mode of the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) in Mashhad, Iran. Data analysis was performed using the deductive approach of Elo and Kyngäs in MAXQDA software. Results: As a result of the analysis of the interviews, the main category of “incoherent cognition of self-concept” emerged, which included the two generic categories of “heterogeneous feelings toward and imaginations of the body” and “changed self-perception”, and five subcategories. Conclusions: Women's self-concept changed after hysterectomy in both its physical and psychological aspects. Therefore, counseling before and after hysterectomy is recommended to improve women's self-concept after hysterectomy.

Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemics are an international threat to global health and health systems and then healthcare providers. Nurses' managers who are responsible for organizing the nurses and their activities grapple with even more challenges, which are overlooked. This study was conducted to elaborate on the nurse managers' experiences facing the Coronavirus pandemic. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a conventional approach to qualitative content analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 nurse managers working at the University Hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from April 5, 2020 to June 15, 2020. The interviews continued until data saturation. Data analysis was performed using the method proposed by Lundman and Graneheim. Results: Participants described their experiences about facing COVID-19 pandemic into three categories of 'facing the personnel's mental health', 'Managerial and equipment provision challenges', and 'adaptability and exultation process', with 13 sub-categories. Conclusions: Dealing with critical conditions could make the frontline managers, and specially nurse managers, face serious challenges. However, in case of proper crisis management andadaptation of sufficient supporting strategies, these threats could turn into an opportunity to exault the individuals and consequently the organizations engaged.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a common musculoskeletal condition in elderly individuals. This survey was conducted with the aim to identify the problems of this group of patients for compilation of healthcare programs targeted at determining the outcome of osteoarthritis before and 3 months after knee arthroplasty. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 150 elderly individuals who had volunteered for knee arthroplasty were selected through nonrandomized sampling and were evaluated using the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire and a demographic characteristics form before and 3 months after the surgery via nonparametric statistical tests (Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests). Results: The mean (SD) age of the study subjects was 64.40 (7.20) years. A significant difference was observed between the mean scores of all subscales (pain with Z=10.62, knee pain/knee stiffness with Z=10.54, daily activity with Z=10.62, sport with Z=2.95, and quality of life with Z=10.48) before and after knee arthroplasty based on Wilcoxon test (˂0.05). The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant statistical relationship between the difference in the mean score of daily activities and history of opium consumption (Z=1.90, p ˂ 0.05) as well as that between knee pain/knee stiffness and gender (Z=2.57, p ˂ 0.05) and educational level (Z=2.11, p ˂ 0.05). Conclusions: Knee arthroplasty and history of opium consumption were correlated with improvement of patients' performance in their daily activities, and gender (women) and educational level (unread) were correlated with improvement of the score of the knee pain/knee stiffness subscale.

Background: The effects of peer education have been addressed in different populations, but this method of education has not been applied in the elderly population of Iran, and its effect has not been studied. The present study investigated the effects of peer group education on anxiety, stress, and depression of the older adults living in nursing homes. Materials and Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study with an intervention and control group and it was conducted on 70 elderly citizens living in Qom nursing homes in July 2017. For the intervention group, a relaxation and stress reduction program was trained through the peer group. The control group received routine care. Data were collected using a Demographic information questionnaire and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Data were collected at the beginning, 10 and 30 days after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 19, descriptive statistics, and repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: The results of the study showed no significant difference between any of the demographic variables at the beginning of the study (p > 0.05). The statistical test showed that the effects of time (p < 0.001) and group (p < 0.011) were significant on anxiety, stress, and depression. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that peer education could decrease anxiety, stress, and depression in the elderly. Therefore, this educational method can be used by nurses to promote various health education programs, e.g., to health promotion and prevent disease especially in the elderly community.

Background: Readmission of patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) causes many problems for them and their family. This study aimed to improve the quality of care provided to patients with ACS and discover solutions to reduce the rate of readmission among them. Materials and Method: This participatory action research study was done based on Streubert and Carpenter approach. This study included 45 participants (31 patients and 14 stakeholders) and carried out in a hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from 2013 to 2014. Solutions with high and moderate feasibility, flexibility, and suitability were implemented in each cycle until reaching <15% readmission rate. Data were analyzed using SPSS (V.16) and running descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In this study, several actions were performed in each cycle such as assigning a free and 24-h telephone line was patients to contact nurses and face-to-face patient's education. Second cycle actions included active participation of all nurses in the education of patients and involvement of families in patient care. By carrying out the first action cycle, the readmission rate reached 35%, which was not favorable. By completing the second action cycle, the readmission rate reached 12%, which was desirable and significantly lower than the first cycle. Conclusion: Discovering possible solutions with the participation of stakeholders in therapeutic settings that have feasibility, flexibility, and suitability can lead to improved care quality and reduced readmission rate in patients with ACS, especially if the families of the patients also participate in action cycles.

Background: Adolescent women's reproductive health is often neglected despite the high prevalence of early marriage. Since no appropriate scales were found to assess the health status of adolescent women, this study aimed to develop a reproductive health scale in married adolescent women in Iran and investigate its psychometric properties. Materials and Methods: An exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted in Ardabil healthcare centers (Ardabil City, Iran) between May 2017 and December 2018. In the qualitative phase, 14 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with married adolescent women, and two focus group discussions were held with 12 key informants. In the quantitative phase, the initial scales were validated using face, content, and construct validities. In a cross-sectional study among 300 women, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to assess the construct validity. Internal consistency and test-retest methods were used to review. The initial scale was designed with 45 items, but only 30 items reached the construct validity stage. EFA revealed five factors that explained 50.96% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.75 estimates the reliability of the scale. Results: The qualitative study identified 76 items that reached 88 items through literature confirmed its reliability, and test-retest with a two-week interval confirmed its consistency (ICC = 0.99, p < 0.001). Finally, the scale was approved with 27 items and four domains: sexual, pregnancy and childbirth, psychosocial, and family planning. Conclusions: This valid and reliable scale with cultural sensitivity can be used to help health professionals to improve the reproductive health of married adolescent women.

Background: Chronic and cancer diseases are expected to rise with the growing population of the elderly in the world. Home palliative care might be a possible solution for improving these patients' quality of life; therefore, the present study sets out to investigate home care nurses' attitude towards and knowledge of home palliative care. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study (2018-19), in which 168 home care nurses and nursing assistants in East Azerbaijan Province (Iran) were included (2018). The questionnaire used was specifically designed by Shimizu et al. in 2016 for determining the nurses' attitude towards and knowledge of home care. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA). Results: In this study, 95 (56.60%) and 113 (67.90%) of the participants were found to have negative attitudes and limited knowledge, respectively. The other participants seemed to have neutral attitudes towards and average knowledge of home palliative care. The Mean (SD) attitude score on terminal home care was estimated 2.33 (0.83), and the knowledge score on dying care was calculated 41.76%, which were the lowest in comparison with the scores of other dimensions. Conclusions: The home care nurses' attitude towards and knowledge of home palliative care were found to be negative and limited, respectively, which underscores the need to endeavor to improve the attitude towards home care and the knowledge of dying care.

Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy dimensions and the perceived risk of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged Iranian women. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study in which 280 women aged 40–60 years were investigated by random cluster sampling out of seven health centers in Yazd city in 2018. Data collection tools included predesigned demographic information from a standard Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA), and a standard perceived susceptibility and perceived risk components of the preventive behaviors of cardiovascular disease questionnaire. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann Whitney tests. Results: A significant relationship was identified between demographic information and health literacy (p < 0.001). The mean (SD) scores of the perceived risk of cardiovascular disease and health literacy appeared to be 30.71 (5.10) and 35.62 (15.32), respectively. The perceived risk of cardiovascular disease in the participants turned out to be significantly correlated with the accessibility dimension of health literacy (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), but it failed to have any significant relationship with demographic information, especially obesity. Conclusions: As there is a significant relationship between health literacy and perceived risk of cardiovascular disease, hence increasing the health literacy of middle-aged women, especially in persons with high body mass index through the media and health centers, considered as an important source of health information, can be an appropriate task to augment the perceived risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Incivility in the workplace drowns the mental health of the nurses and hampers the daily routine. The majority of the nurses working at hospitals were experiencing incivility. It affects the physical and psychological health of the nurses. Experience of workplace incivility and its impact on stress and turnover among nurses was discussed in this study. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional survey approach was used to select 50 nurses by simple random sampling technique. Standard scales for incivility, stress, and pre-tested scale for the turnover intention was used to collect the data. Result: Nurses experience incivility in their workplace almost from all the sources. The majority (64%) of the staff nurses had a moderate level of stress and 30% had average intention to leave the present job. There was a positive relationship found between the experience of incivility and stress (r = 0.43, p < 0.002), stress, and turnover intention (r = 0.40, p < 0.004). Conclusions: Experience of incivility provokes stress among the nurses, and this may influence turnover intention.